{"id":1311,"date":"2024-03-25T09:22:09","date_gmt":"2024-03-25T08:22:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bataille-renard.fr\/?p=1311"},"modified":"2024-03-26T09:51:11","modified_gmt":"2024-03-26T08:51:11","slug":"modification-dun-equipement-quest-ce-que-cela-implique-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bataille-renard.fr\/index.php\/2024\/03\/25\/modification-dun-equipement-quest-ce-que-cela-implique-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Modification d\u2019un \u00e9quipement : qu\u2019est-ce que cela implique ?\u00a0"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

La modification d\u2019un \u00e9quipement, qu\u2019il s\u2019agisse d\u2019un man\u00e8ge, d\u2019une machine, d\u2019une aire de jeux ou encore d’un toboggan aquatique, fait partie int\u00e9grante du cycle de vie de celui-ci. Il peut en effet \u00eatre n\u00e9cessaire d\u2019adapter l\u2019\u00e9quipement \u00e0 un nouveau besoin (changement d\u2019usage, nouveau processus) ou de le faire \u00e9voluer vers un standard de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 plus \u00e9lev\u00e9. Si l’int\u00e9r\u00eat d’une modification ne porte donc pas \u00e0 discussion, il est fr\u00e9quent de se demander qui peut l’effectuer et comment elle doit \u00eatre r\u00e9alis\u00e9e<\/strong>.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comprendre la cha\u00eene de responsabilit\u00e9s<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Traditionnellement, 3 acteurs gravitent autour d\u2019un \u00e9quipement :  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
<\/path><\/svg><\/span>Le fabricant de l\u2019\u00e9quipement : celui qui l\u2019a con\u00e7u et fabriqu\u00e9 pour un usage initial d\u00e9crit dans la notice et documentation technique ;\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n\n\n\n
<\/path><\/svg><\/span>La tierce partie ind\u00e9pendante (bureau de contr\u00f4le) : celle qui a valid\u00e9 la coh\u00e9rence initiale, et le cas \u00e9ch\u00e9ant qui vient chaque ann\u00e9e v\u00e9rifier la non-r\u00e9gression des syst\u00e8mes et maintien en \u00e9tat de conformit\u00e9 de l\u2019installation ;\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n\n\n\n
<\/path><\/svg><\/span>L\u2019exploitant :\u00a0 celui qui utilise l\u2019\u00e9quipement et assure son entretien.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

D\u2019autres acteurs peuvent intervenir, comme un revendeur, un importateur, un mainteneur ext\u00e9rieur, etc.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L’approche th\u00e9orique de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 autour des \u00e9quipements est simple \u00e0 comprendre et repose sur le principe suivant :<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
<\/path><\/svg><\/span>Si l\u2019exploitant utilise et maintient l\u2019\u00e9quipement conform\u00e9ment aux instructions strictes du fabricant,<\/span><\/div>\n\n\n\n
<\/path><\/svg><\/span>que ce dernier a respect\u00e9 les normes de conception et de fabrication, \u00e9ventuellement approuv\u00e9 par une tierce partie ind\u00e9pendante,<\/span><\/div>\n\n\n\n
<\/path><\/svg><\/span>alors un niveau minimal de risque est atteint rendant l\u2019\u00e9quipement apte pour la raison pour laquelle il a \u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

La majorit\u00e9 des d\u00e9faillances trouvent comme source la rupture de ce principe<\/strong> : l\u2019exploitant n\u2019a pas respect\u00e9 les limites de l\u2019\u00e9quipement ou le fabricant a mal mis en \u0153uvre les proc\u00e9d\u00e9s permettant de garantir l\u2019usage attendu.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

On comprend alors assez rapidement qu\u2019un exploitant qui vient modifier son \u00e9quipement sans obtenir l\u2019aval du fabricant verra forc\u00e9ment celui-ci d\u00e9gager sa responsabilit\u00e9 du probl\u00e8me pour une raison tr\u00e8s simple. L\u2019\u00e9quipement ayant \u00e9t\u00e9 modifi\u00e9, il ne fonctionne plus comme initialement sp\u00e9cifi\u00e9, le fabricant ne peut donc plus garantir le bon fonctionnement.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diff\u00e9rencier la r\u00e9paration d’une modification <\/h2>\n\n\n\n

La r\u00e9paration vise \u00e0 remettre l’\u00e9quipement dans son \u00e9tat d’origine ou dans un \u00e9tat fonctionnel acceptable. L’objectif principal est donc de corriger un dysfonctionnement, une d\u00e9faillance ou un dommage afin de rendre l’\u00e9l\u00e9ment en question op\u00e9rationnel<\/strong>. Les r\u00e9parations impliquent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement la correction ou le remplacement de composants d\u00e9fectueux sans apporter de changements significatifs \u00e0 la structure ou \u00e0 la fonctionnalit\u00e9 globale de l’\u00e9quipement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Quant \u00e0 elles, les modifications peuvent impliquer des ajouts, des suppressions ou des changements de composants, de fonctionnalit\u00e9s ou de caract\u00e9ristiques. Elles visent \u00e0 alt\u00e9rer d\u00e9lib\u00e9r\u00e9ment l’\u00e9tat initial de l’objet pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 des crit\u00e8res sp\u00e9cifiques. Dans le jargon sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9, on dit qu\u2019une r\u00e9paration ne vient pas modifier l\u2019analyse des risques de conception de l\u2019\u00e9quipement<\/strong>, contrairement aux op\u00e9rations de modifications. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Analyser l’impact des modifications <\/h2>\n\n\n\n

S’il est en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral ais\u00e9 de d\u00e9finir ce qu’on attend fonctionnellement de la modification de l’\u00e9quipement, il est plus difficile d\u2019analyser en d\u00e9tail les impacts qu\u2019auront ces modifications sur l\u2019existant<\/strong>. Changement des masses en mouvement, modification des profils des vitesses et acc\u00e9l\u00e9rations, augmentation de l’intensit\u00e9 du courant dans les c\u00e2bles d’alimentation sont des exemples d’impacts invisibles. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

C’est pour ces raisons que le fabricant d\u2019origine est en th\u00e9orie le mieux plac\u00e9 pour conduire ces analyses, puisqu\u2019il est \u00e0 l\u2019origine de l\u2019\u00e9quipement, et qu\u2019il dispose d\u2019une connaissance et documentation dont l\u2019exploitant ignore probablement l\u2019existence. Cela \u00e9tant, cette option n\u2019est pas toujours possible : le fabricant a peut-\u00eatre disparu, vos relations avec sont compliqu\u00e9es, ou ce travail ne l\u2019int\u00e9resse tout simplement pas. Ce cas, pour autant assez fr\u00e9quent, n\u2019exempte pour autant pas l\u2019exploitant de conduire la modification selon un processus d\u2019ing\u00e9nierie rigoureux.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Appliquer les bonnes normes <\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Les nouvelles normes ne s\u2019appliquent usuellement pas aux \u00e9quipements fabriqu\u00e9s avant leurs publications. On dit alors que les nouvelles normes n’ont pas d’effet r\u00e9troactif.\u00a0\u00a0Il existe cependant de nombreux cas o\u00f9 les parties modifi\u00e9es doivent cependant l\u2019\u00eatre selon les normes en vigueur au moment de la modification<\/strong>. Ce principe fort permet en th\u00e9orie de garantir une \u00e9volution progressive des \u00e9quipements les plus anciens vers des standards nouveaux, permettant d\u2019accro\u00eetre en continu le niveau g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de s\u00e9curit\u00e9.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En pratique, ce principe pose bien souvent des difficult\u00e9s. Remplacer le train d\u2019un grand huit par un mod\u00e8le plus r\u00e9cent apportera des progressions ind\u00e9niables au niveau de la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 des passagers, mais aura pour cons\u00e9quence tr\u00e8s probable d\u2019alourdir les trains. Or, la structure d\u2019origine n\u2019\u00e9tant pas modifi\u00e9e, elle ne pourra probablement pas supporter la masse en plus de ces nouveaux trains. Ces nouveaux trains aux nouvelles normes ne pourront donc pas \u00eatre ajout\u00e9s. L\u2019exploitant n\u2019aura d\u2019autres choix que de faire remplacer \u00e0 l\u2019identique son train par le mod\u00e8le plus ancien.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Modifier avec tranquillit\u00e9<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Dans une d\u00e9marche de r\u00e9emploi et de non-gaspillage d’un \u00e9quipement d\u00e8s qu\u2019il d\u00e9vie de sa sp\u00e9cification d\u2019origine, les modifications seront de plus en plus nombreuses et n\u00e9cessaires dans les ann\u00e9es \u00e0 venir<\/strong>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Celles-ci sont r\u00e9alisables \u00e0 conditions de cadrer la d\u00e9marche avec un processus d\u2019ing\u00e9nierie rigoureux.\u00a0Si des grands principes ont \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9crits ici, chaque nature d’\u00e9quipement a sa sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9 et sa propre r\u00e9glementation. Lorsque l’exploitant n’a pas la comp\u00e9tence, il devra s’entourer d’un bureau d’\u00e9tudes, d’une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de conseils, ou encore d’un bureau de contr\u00f4le <\/strong>qui conduiront les r\u00e9flexions n\u00e9cessaires \u00e0 l’aboutissement technique du projet dans le respect des normes applicables.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

La modification d\u2019un \u00e9quipement, qu\u2019il s\u2019agisse d\u2019un man\u00e8ge, d\u2019une machine, d\u2019une aire de jeux ou encore d’un toboggan aquatique, fait partie int\u00e9grante du cycle de vie de celui-ci. Il peut en effet \u00eatre n\u00e9cessaire d\u2019adapter l\u2019\u00e9quipement \u00e0 un nouveau besoin (changement d\u2019usage, nouveau processus) ou de le faire \u00e9voluer vers un standard de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 plus …<\/p>\n

Modification d\u2019un \u00e9quipement : qu\u2019est-ce que cela implique ?\u00a0<\/span> Lire la suite\u00a0\u00bb<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1231,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_editorskit_title_hidden":false,"_editorskit_reading_time":0,"_editorskit_is_block_options_detached":false,"_editorskit_block_options_position":"{}","_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1311","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-non-classe"],"yoast_head":"\nModification d\u2019un \u00e9quipement : qu\u2019est-ce que cela implique ?\u00a0 - Bataille & Renard<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/bataille-renard.fr\/index.php\/2024\/03\/25\/modification-dun-equipement-quest-ce-que-cela-implique-2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Modification d\u2019un \u00e9quipement : qu\u2019est-ce que cela implique ?\u00a0 - Bataille & Renard\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"La modification d\u2019un \u00e9quipement, qu\u2019il s\u2019agisse d\u2019un man\u00e8ge, d\u2019une machine, d\u2019une aire de jeux ou encore d’un toboggan aquatique, fait partie int\u00e9grante du cycle de vie de celui-ci. 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