{"id":1310,"date":"2024-03-25T09:22:22","date_gmt":"2024-03-25T08:22:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bataille-renard.fr\/?p=1310"},"modified":"2024-04-29T09:39:40","modified_gmt":"2024-04-29T07:39:40","slug":"redondance-des-systemes-3-pieges-a-eviter-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bataille-renard.fr\/index.php\/2024\/03\/25\/redondance-des-systemes-3-pieges-a-eviter-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Redondance des syst\u00e8mes : 3 pi\u00e8ges \u00e0 \u00e9viter\u00a0"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

La redondance d\u2019un dispositif de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 est un id\u00e9al que tout concepteur va chercher \u00e0 atteindre et que tout exploitant va chercher \u00e0 acheter. Le principe : n\u2019ayant pas la certitude suffisante que ledit dispositif de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 fonctionne au moment o\u00f9 il doit fonctionner, un second dispositif, ayant la m\u00eame fonction, est ajout\u00e9 en compl\u00e9ment du premier.\u00a0La redondance contribue donc \u00e0 maintenir la disponibilit\u00e9 des syst\u00e8mes critiques.<\/strong> Si sur le papier le principe est simple \u00e0 comprendre, il existe 3 pi\u00e8ges courant dans lesquels il vaut mieux ne pas tomber.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La redondance n’en est pas une<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019id\u00e9e de doubler un composant pour pallier une d\u00e9faillance d\u2019un autre n\u2019a de ce sens que si ce nouveau composant est capable de fonctionner seul<\/strong>. Ainsi, doubler le c\u00e2ble porteur d\u2019une nacelle n\u2019est utile que si vous \u00eates bien certain que ce c\u00e2ble est en mesure de travailler seul.\u00a0C’est une \u00e9vidence, mais tous les cas ne les sont pas autant. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Prenons l\u2019exemple d\u2019une plateforme transportant du public. Celle-ci est soulev\u00e9e par 10 v\u00e9rins. La plupart des v\u00e9rins travaillent entre 80 et 90% de leur capacit\u00e9 maximale. Il peut donc y avoir des doutes sur ce qu\u2019il se passerait en cas de d\u00e9faillance d\u2019un v\u00e9rin sur la stabilit\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9rale de la plateforme. Le concepteur indique fi\u00e8rement qu\u2019il n\u2019y a aucun probl\u00e8me, car avec 10 v\u00e9rins, m\u00eame si c\u2019est 1 casse, il y en a toujours 9. C\u2019est un argument de prime abord rationnel et rassurant. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

La r\u00e9alit\u00e9 est diff\u00e9rente : en retirant le v\u00e9rin le plus charg\u00e9 du calcul, comme pour simuler sa d\u00e9faillance, les r\u00e9sultats sur les 9 v\u00e9rins toujours en place sont surprenants. Avec ce 10\u00e8me et plus charg\u00e9 v\u00e9rin d\u00e9sormais hors service, 1 des 9 v\u00e9rins restants finit par d\u00e9passer sa capacit\u00e9 maximale, le rendant donc plus susceptible d\u2019entrer dans une d\u00e9faillance, le rendant inutile \u00e0 son tour, et transf\u00e9rant sa charge sur les 8 autres restants. C\u2019est ainsi que d\u00e9marre une r\u00e9action en cha\u00eene de rupture potentielle des v\u00e9rins pouvant aboutir \u00e0 l\u2019effondrement de la plateforme. Bien qu\u2019ayant 10 v\u00e9rins, cette plateforme ne pr\u00e9sente donc pas de syst\u00e8me de redondance<\/strong>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

La redondance n\u2019existe qu’en surface  <\/h2>\n\n\n\n

C\u2019est souvent le cas lorsque le syst\u00e8me n\u2019a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 analys\u00e9 dans sa globalit\u00e9<\/strong>. On occulte ce qu’il se passe avant ou apr\u00e8s pour se concentrer sur le milieu. Le milieu est donc parfaitement redondant, mais entour\u00e9 par des \u00e9l\u00e9ments non redondants. Vous pouvez donc bien avoir pr\u00e9vu deux c\u00e2bles pour tenir votre nacelle, si ces deux c\u00e2bles sont fix\u00e9s sur le m\u00eame \u0153illet, la fiabilit\u00e9 diminue drastiquement. En effet, si cet \u0153illet casse, vos deux c\u00e2bles deviendront inop\u00e9rants de la m\u00eame mani\u00e8re que s\u2019il n\u2019y en avait eu qu\u2019un seul.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u2019est ce qu\u2019on appelle \u00e9galement la d\u00e9faillance de cause commune.<\/strong> Celle-ci se produit lorsque deux syst\u00e8mes, parfaitement ind\u00e9pendant de prime abord, cessent de fonctionner en m\u00eame temps sous l\u2019effet d\u2019un m\u00eame \u00e9v\u00e9nement.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

La redondance n’est pas surveill\u00e9e<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Une redondance qui existe c’est bien, une redondance qui fonctionne c’est mieux. C’est pour cela qu’il est n\u00e9cessaire de d\u00e9tecter la d\u00e9faillance du premier syst\u00e8me<\/strong>, et donc de mesurer sa performance.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour \u00eatre certain de stopper un v\u00e9hicule en mouvement, le concepteur a mis deux freins ind\u00e9pendants l\u2019un de l\u2019autre. La redondance existe et fonctionne \u00e0 merveille. En tout cas, c\u2019est le sentiment que l\u2019exploitant a, car en surface, le syst\u00e8me semble fonctionner parfaitement. Le v\u00e9hicule s\u2019arr\u00eate toujours quand cela est n\u00e9cessaire.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jusqu\u2019au jour o\u00f9 le syst\u00e8me devient compl\u00e8tement d\u00e9faillant : le v\u00e9hicule ne s\u2019arr\u00eate pas du tout. La premi\u00e8re impression est la surprise g\u00e9n\u00e9rale, en s\u2019imaginant que la redondance n\u2019a pas fonctionn\u00e9. La r\u00e9alit\u00e9 est tout autre. Il y a eu une d\u00e9faillance plusieurs semaines ou mois plus t\u00f4t sur le premier frein, mais cette d\u00e9faillance n\u2019a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 observ\u00e9e<\/strong>. En effet, gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la redondance, le syst\u00e8me semble toujours fonctionner normalement. Le premier frein ne fonctionne plus, mais comme le second continue de fonctionner, le v\u00e9hicule s\u2019arr\u00eate donc toujours. Ceci peut fonctionner jusqu\u2019\u00e0 la d\u00e9faillance du syst\u00e8me de redondance, le second frein, o\u00f9 cette fois-ci plus rien ne fonctionne et la cons\u00e9quence devient visible.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour \u00e9viter ces points d\u2019aveuglement, il y a de plus en plus de diagnostics r\u00e9alis\u00e9s de mani\u00e8re automatis\u00e9e par des auto-contr\u00f4les du syst\u00e8me. Cela permet d\u2019introduire la notion de couverture de diagnostic<\/strong>. De nos jours, la majorit\u00e9 des syst\u00e8mes contr\u00f4l\u00e9s sont en mesure de v\u00e9rifier \u00e0 chaque sollicitation le bon fonctionnement complet de la s\u00e9quence.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les outils pour r\u00e9ussir l’analyse<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

La redondance n\u2019est au service du syst\u00e8me que si elle est correctement pens\u00e9e pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 l\u2019objectif vis\u00e9<\/strong>, et avec les moyens de v\u00e9rifier son efficacit\u00e9 dans le temps. Dans les cas contraires, celle-ci ne sera qu\u2019une illusion d\u2019un niveau de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 augment\u00e9. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diff\u00e9rents outils existent, comme les arbres de causes, les analyses des modes de d\u00e9faillance et leurs effets, la cartographie des risques ou encore l’analyse des \u00e9carts. Ils permettent aux sp\u00e9cialistes en management des risques de r\u00e9aliser des \u00e9tudes compl\u00e8tes de tous types de syst\u00e8mes et \u00e9quipements. Des programmes existent pour former concepteur et exploitant. Il est \u00e9galement possible de confier la r\u00e9alisation de ces analyses \u00e0 des soci\u00e9t\u00e9s de conseils sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9es<\/strong>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

La redondance d\u2019un dispositif de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 est un id\u00e9al que tout concepteur va chercher \u00e0 atteindre et que tout exploitant va chercher \u00e0 acheter. Le principe : n\u2019ayant pas la certitude suffisante que ledit dispositif de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 fonctionne au moment o\u00f9 il doit fonctionner, un second dispositif, ayant la m\u00eame fonction, est ajout\u00e9 en compl\u00e9ment …<\/p>\n

Redondance des syst\u00e8mes : 3 pi\u00e8ges \u00e0 \u00e9viter\u00a0<\/span> Lire la suite\u00a0\u00bb<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1234,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_editorskit_title_hidden":false,"_editorskit_reading_time":0,"_editorskit_is_block_options_detached":false,"_editorskit_block_options_position":"{}","_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1310","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-non-classe"],"yoast_head":"\nRedondance des syst\u00e8mes : 3 pi\u00e8ges \u00e0 \u00e9viter\u00a0 - Bataille & Renard<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/bataille-renard.fr\/index.php\/2024\/03\/25\/redondance-des-systemes-3-pieges-a-eviter-2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Redondance des syst\u00e8mes : 3 pi\u00e8ges \u00e0 \u00e9viter\u00a0 - Bataille & Renard\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"La redondance d\u2019un dispositif de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 est un id\u00e9al que tout concepteur va chercher \u00e0 atteindre et que tout exploitant va chercher \u00e0 acheter. 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